Scottish Secretary

Scottish Secretary n Pol ministre m chargé des Affaires écossaises.

Scottish adj escocés

tr['skɒtɪʃ]

adjective

1 escocés,-esa

plural noun the Scottish

1 los escoceses nombre masculino plural

Scottish ['skɑt̬ɪʃ] adj

: escocés

Scottish n Scots

• escocés, -esa adj.

adjective escocés

ADJ escocés

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adjective escocés

Scottish [ˈskɒtɪ∫]

► the Scottish Office noun (British) le ministère des Affaires écossaises

► the Scottish Parliament noun le Parlement écossais

► Scottish Secretary noun (British) ministre mf des Affaires écossaises

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Le Scottish Parliament, instauré à la suite du référendum de 1998, contrôle le gouvernement écossais, pouvoir décentralisé responsable des questions juridiques, de la santé, de l'éducation et des transports. Les affaires étrangères, la défense et la sécurité sociale restent du ressort du gouvernement britannique, qui siège à Westminster. Le « First Minister » est à la tête du Scottish Government. → DEVOLUTION

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adjective écossais

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Suppressor Of Gene Silencing

2) Компьютерная техника: Silent Global Substitute

3) Спорт: Scottish Golf Society, Strategy Gaming Society

4) Военный термин: Secondary Ground Station, Secretary to the General Staff, Secretary, General Staff, Software Generation System, Squadron Ground Station, swiveling gunner's station

5) Техника: Sol Gel Silica, segmented gamma scanner, segmented gamma scanning, signals, steam generator subsystem, subgrid scale, symbol generation and storage, symbol generation station

6) Шутливое выражение: Science Geek Syndrome

7) Химия: Simple Graphics System

8) Коммерция: Компания SGS SocitGnrale de Surveillance S.A. (лидер в области услуг по инспекции, контролю качества, испытаниям и сертификации)

9) Экономика: СЖС (www.ru.sgs.com/ru)

10) Биржевой термин: Singapore Government Securities

11) Грубое выражение: Seriously Good Shit

12) Сокращение: Shipboard Gridlock System

13) Университет: School Of Graduate Studies

14) Литература: Solid Gold Speakers Club

15) Нефть: последовательное гауссовское моделирование

16) Космонавтика: satellite ground station

17) Транспорт: Second Gear Start

18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: safeguarding system

19) Химическое оружие: Secretary of the General Staff, steam generator system

20) Нефть и газ: seismogenic structure, static gel strength, Sour Gas Shift, Sequential Galcius Simulation

21) Карачаганак: static gradient survey

22) Должность: Sales Growth Specialist

23) Хобби: Scottish Genealogical Society

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Suppressor Of Gene Silencing

2) Компьютерная техника: Silent Global Substitute

3) Спорт: Scottish Golf Society, Strategy Gaming Society

4) Военный термин: Secondary Ground Station, Secretary to the General Staff, Secretary, General Staff, Software Generation System, Squadron Ground Station, swiveling gunner's station

5) Техника: Sol Gel Silica, segmented gamma scanner, segmented gamma scanning, signals, steam generator subsystem, subgrid scale, symbol generation and storage, symbol generation station

6) Шутливое выражение: Science Geek Syndrome

7) Химия: Simple Graphics System

8) Коммерция: Компания SGS SocitGnrale de Surveillance S.A. (лидер в области услуг по инспекции, контролю качества, испытаниям и сертификации)

9) Экономика: СЖС (www.ru.sgs.com/ru)

10) Биржевой термин: Singapore Government Securities

11) Грубое выражение: Seriously Good Shit

12) Сокращение: Shipboard Gridlock System

13) Университет: School Of Graduate Studies

14) Литература: Solid Gold Speakers Club

15) Нефть: последовательное гауссовское моделирование

16) Космонавтика: satellite ground station

17) Транспорт: Second Gear Start

18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: safeguarding system

19) Химическое оружие: Secretary of the General Staff, steam generator system

20) Нефть и газ: seismogenic structure, static gel strength, Sour Gas Shift, Sequential Galcius Simulation

21) Карачаганак: static gradient survey

22) Должность: Sales Growth Specialist

23) Хобби: Scottish Genealogical Society

1 pleasant (person).

son muy agradables they're very pleasant

2 pleasant (clima, temperatura).

es muy agradable al tacto it feels very nice

¡qué sorpresa tan agradable! what a nice o pleasant surprise!

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► adjetivo

1 nice, pleasant

■ poco agradable unpleasant

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ADJ (=grato) pleasant, agreeable

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adjetivo < persona> pleasant, nice; < carácter> pleasant; <día/velada> enjoyable, nice; <sensación/efecto> pleasant, pleasing; <sabor/olor> pleasant, nice

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= agreeable, enjoyable, nice, non-threatening, pleasant [pleasanter -comp., pleasantest -sup.], pleasantly, pleasing, pleasurable, sweet, congenial, welcome, joyful, likeable [likable], palatable, friendly-sounding, affable.

Ex. But Elizabeth Steinhagen was attracted to Santiago for far different reasons than its agreeable weather.

Ex. Having made this prefatory warning, it has also to be said that many teachers successfully contrive to make reviewing an enjoyable and useful ingredient in their book and reading programs.

Ex. One time he showed me a photograph in an art book of a woman's bare breasts and said ' Nice tits, uh?'.

Ex. The library is generally an accepted, welcome and non-threatening feature of the rural scene and librarians often build up close and trusted links with their readers.

Ex. This provides the user with a pleasant outlook and gives natural light.

Ex. Obviously guiding, whether of the more fixed kind discussed above, or in the form of publications and leaflets, must be pleasantly presented.

Ex. This is not to say that the library should be cluttered with ugly signs; all notices should be carefully contrived and aesthetically pleasing.

Ex. Work in a duly ordered community should be made attractive by the consciousness of usefulness, by variety, and by being exercised amidst pleasurable surroundings.

Ex. It was a sweet, sharp, sunshiny morning in early October, and Bogardus felt good.

Ex. The ideal archivist should have advanced training in history, facilitate access to records, and provide congenial servicing conditions.

Ex. The library is generally an accepted, welcome and non-threatening feature of the rural scene and librarians often build up close and trusted links with their readers.

Ex. It's that joyful leap from one place to another that symbolises the freedom to explore on the web.

Ex. This is a likable, well-organized, and quite funny comedy that tells the story of a man who is left on a remote Scottish island on his stag night.

Ex. I never suggested that horseradish would make horse meat any more or less palatable, or that the user was unaware of the fact that Trilling, L. is in fact Trilling, Lionel.

Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.

Ex. After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.

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* agradable al gusto = palatable.

* de olor agradable = sweet-smelling.

* de sabor agradable = palatable.

* pasar a cosas más agradables = on a happier note.

* ser agradable de oír = be good to hear.

* ser agradable + Verbo = be neat to + Verbo.

* vista agradable = a sight for sore eyes.

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adjetivo < persona> pleasant, nice; < carácter> pleasant; <día/velada> enjoyable, nice; <sensación/efecto> pleasant, pleasing; <sabor/olor> pleasant, nice

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1 ‹persona› pleasant, nice; ‹carácter› pleasant

es agradable (para) con todo el mundo she's nice to everybody

2 ‹sensación/efecto› pleasant, pleasing, nice; ‹sabor/olor› pleasant, nice

pasamos un día muy agradable we had a very nice o enjoyable day

agradable a la vista pleasing to the eye

no fue un espectáculo agradable it wasn't a pretty sight

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◊ agradable a la vista pleasing to the eye

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agradable adj

1. [persona] pleasant;

son muy agradables they're very pleasant;

es una persona de talante muy agradable he has a very pleasant disposition

2. [clima, temperatura] pleasant;

es muy agradable al tacto it feels very nice;

¡qué sorpresa tan agradable! what a nice o pleasant surprise!

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adj pleasant, nice;

agradable a la vista good-looking

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agradable adj

grato, placentero: pleasant, agreeable

♦ agradablemente adv

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agradable adj pleasant / nice

chef [∫εf]

1. masculine noun, feminine noun

   a. ( = patron) boss ; [de tribu] chief(tain)

• la chef (inf) the boss

• grand chef (inf) big boss (inf)

• faire le or jouer au petit chef to throw one's weight around

► en chef

• général en chef general-in-chief

• ingénieur en chef chief engineer

   b. [d'expédition, révolte, syndicat] leader

   c. ( = champion) (inf) tu es un chef you're the greatest (inf)

• elle se débrouille comme un chef she's doing a brilliant (inf) job

   d. ( = cuisinier) chef

   e. chef d'accusation (Law) charge

   f. de son propre chef (formal) on his own initiative

2. invariable adjective

• gardien/médecin chef chief warden/consultant

3. compounds

► chef d'atelier foreman

► chef de bande gang leader

► chef de cabinet principal private secretary (de to)

► chef de chantier foreman

► chef de classe ≈ class prefect (Brit) or president (US)

► chef d'entreprise company director

► chef d'équipe team manager

► chef d'établissement head teacher

► chef d'État head of state

• le chef de l'État the Head of State ► chef d'état-major chief of staff

► chef de famille head of the family ; (Administration) householder

► chef de file leader ; (Politics) party leader

► chef de gare station master

► chef de gouvernement head of government

► chef d'orchestre conductor ; (jazz) band leader

► chef de plateau (Cinema, TV) floor manager

► chef de projet project manager

► chef de rayon departmental manager

► chef de service departmental head ; ( = médecin) ≈ consultant

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nom masculin

1) ( meneur) leader

2) ( supérieur) superior, boss (colloq); Armée ( sergent) sergeant

3) ( dirigeant) gén head; Commerce ( d'un service) manager

4) Culinaire

5) (colloq) (as, champion) ace

6) (dated) ( tête) head

7) ( chapitre)

•

- chef d'accusation

- chef d'atelier

- chef de cabinet

- chef de chantier

- chef d'équipe

- chef d'établissement

- chef d'État

- chef d'état-major

- chef de fabrication

- chef de famille

- chef de file

- chef de gare

- chef de gouvernement

- chef d'orchestre

- chef du personnel

- chef de plateau

- chef de projet

- chef de publicité

- chef de rayon

- chef de service

- chef de tribu

nom féminin boss (colloq)

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1. nmf

1) [groupe] leader, [tribu] chief

2) [service] head

3) (= supérieur hiérarchique) boss

4) [cuisine] chef

2. nm

1)

2) (= de sa propre initiative)

3) humoristique, lit (= tête)

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chef

A nm

1 ( meneur) leader; le chef du parti the party leader; le chef de l'école cubiste the leader of the Cubist school; chef de l'opposition leader of the opposition; chef de bande gang leader; avoir des qualités de chef to have leadership qualities; avoir une âme or un tempérament de chef to be a born leader;

2 ( supérieur) superior, boss○; Mil ( sergent) sergeant; votre chef en sera informé your superior will be informed; mon chef my boss○; salut, chef○! hi, boss○!;

3 (patron, dirigeant) gén head; Comm ( d'un service) manager; chef de l'Église/de l'exécutif head of the Church/of the executive branch of government; l'exemple doit venir des chefs the example must come from the top; architecte en chef chief architect; commandant en chef Mil commander-in-chief; ⇒ petit;

4 Culin chef (cuisinier or de cuisine) chef; pâté du chef chef's pâté;

5 ○(as, champion) ace; se débrouiller comme un chef to manage splendidly;

6 †( tête) head; de mon/leur (propre) chef on my/their own initiative, off my/their own bat○ GB;

7 ( chapitre) heading; sous ce chef under this heading; au premier chef, leur négligence primarily ou first and foremost, their negligence; il importe, au premier chef, de rétablir l'ordre primarily, we must restore order.

B ○nf boss○; à la maison, c'est elle la chef at home, she's the boss○.

chef d'accusation Jur count of indictment; répondre à un chef d'accusation to answer a charge; chef d'atelier (shop) foreman; chef de bataillon major; chef de bureau chief clerk; chef de cabinet principal private secretary; chef de chantier works GB ou site foreman; chef de chœur choirmaster; chef de clan chieftain; chef de classe ≈ class prefect ou monitor GB, class president US; chef de clinique Méd ≈ senior registrar GB; chef de département head of department; chef d'entreprise head of a company; chef d'équipe Entr foreman; Sport team captain; chef d'escadron cavalry major; chef d'établissement head teacher; chef d'État head of state; chef d'état-major Chief of Staff; chef de fabrication production manager; chef de famille head of the family ou household; chef de file gén leader; Pol party leader; Fin ( de consortium) lead bank; Naut lead ship; chef de gare stationmaster; chef de gouvernement head of government; chef indien Indian chief; chef mécanicien engine driver GB, (locomotive) engineer US; chef de musique bandmaster; chef de nage stroke; chef d'orchestre conductor; chef de patrouille patrol leader; chef du personnel personnel manager; chef de plateau Cin, TV floor manager; chef de produit Comm product manager; chef de projet Entr project manager; chef de publicité ( d'agence) account executive; ( annonceur) advertising manager; ( dans les médias) advertising (sales) manager; chef de rang chef de rang; chef de rayon Comm department supervisor ou manager; chef de région area ou regional manager; chef de réseau ( espionnage) leader of a spy ring; ( Résistance) leader of a cell (in the Resistance movement); chef de service Admin section ou department head; Méd clinical director GB, chief physician US; chef de train guard GB, conductor US; chef de tribu headman; chef des ventes sales manager; chef de village village headman.

[ʃɛf] nom masculin

1. [responsable - généralement] head ; [ - d'une entreprise] manager, boss

2. MILITAIRE

3. RAIL

4. CUISINE chef

5. MUSIQUE

6. SPORT

7. [leader] leader

a. (péjoratif) [dans une famille] domestic tyrant

b. [au bureau, à l'usine] slave driver

8. (comme adjectif) head (modificateur), chief (modificateur)

9. (humoristique) [tête] head

10. DROIT

chef d'accusation charge ou count (of indictment)

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[ʃɛf] nom féminin

[responsable]

la chef the boss

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au premier chef locution adverbiale

de mon propre chef locution adverbiale,

de son propre chef etc. locution adverbiale

j'ai agi de mon propre chef I acted on my own initiative

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en chef locution adjectivale

chef d'orchestre nom masculin

1. MUSIQUE conductor

2. (figuré) [organisateur] organizer, orchestrator

press [pres]

presse ⇒ 1 (a)-(e) serrement ⇒ 1 (i) appuyer (sur) ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (e), 4 (a) presser ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) forcer ⇒ 3 (d) faire pression ⇒ 4 (b)

1 noun

(a) (newspapers) presse f;

∎ the national/local press la presse nationale/locale;

∎ freedom of the press la liberté de la presse;

∎ they advertised in the press ils ont fait passer une annonce dans les journaux;

∎ reports in the press were biased les comptes rendus parus dans la presse étaient tendancieux;

∎ they managed to keep her name out of the press ils ont réussi à ce que son nom ne paraisse pas dans la presse

(b) (journalists) presse f;

∎ the press were there la presse était là;

∎ she's a member of the press elle a une carte de presse;

∎ ironic the gentlemen of the press ces messieurs de la presse

(c) (report, opinion) presse f;

∎ to get (a) good/bad press avoir bonne/mauvaise presse;

∎ to give sb (a) good/bad press faire l'éloge/la critique de qn

(d) (printing) presse f;

∎ to go to press (book) être mis sous presse; (newspaper) partir à l'impression;

∎ we go to press at 5 p.m. on est mis sous presse à 5 heures; (copy deadline) on boucle à 5 heures;

∎ in or at (the) press sous presse;

∎ hot or straight from the press tout frais;

∎ ready for press prêt à mettre sous presse;

∎ the proofs were passed for press on a donné le bon à tirer;

∎ prices correct at time of going to press prix corrects au moment de la mise sous presse

(e) (machine)

∎ (printing) press presse f;

∎ to set the presses rolling mettre les presses en marche; figurative mettre la machine en marche

(f) (publisher) presses fpl

(g) (for tennis racket, handicrafts, woodwork, trousers) presse f; (for cider, oil, wine) pressoir m

(h) (push)

∎ the machine dispenses hot coffee at the press of a button il suffit d'appuyer sur un bouton pour que la machine distribue du café chaud;

∎ give it a slight press appuyez légèrement là-dessus

(i) (squeeze) serrement m;

∎ he gave my hand a quick press il m'a serré la main rapidement

(j) (crowd) foule f; (rush) bousculade f; literary (of battle) mêlée f;

∎ in the press for the door we became separated dans la ruée de la foule vers la porte, nous avons été séparés;

∎ to force one's way through the press fendre la foule, se frayer un chemin à travers la foule

(k) (ironing) coup m de fer;

∎ to give sth a press donner un coup de fer à qch

(l) Irish & Scottish (cupboard) placard m, armoire f

(m) (in weightlifting) développé m

(n) (in basketball) pressing m;

∎ full court press zone-presse f (tout terrain);

∎ American figurative it was the full court press on faisait le maximum;

∎ to be engaged in a full court press to do sth faire le maximum ou tout son possible pour faire qch

(o) Industry (forming machine) presse f

(p) Military recrutement m de force

(q) Nautical

∎ press of sail or canvas pleine voilure f;

∎ under press of sail toutes voiles dehors

2 compound-forming noun

(reporter, photographer) de presse; (advertising) dans la presse

3 transitive verb

(a) (push → button, bell, trigger, accelerator) appuyer sur;

∎ try pressing it essayez d'appuyer dessus;

∎ he pressed the lid shut il a fermé le couvercle (en appuyant dessus);

∎ to press sth flat aplatir qch;

∎ to press sth home enfoncer qch;

∎ to press sth (back) into shape rendre sa forme à qch;

∎ to press one's way through a crowd/to the front se frayer un chemin à travers une foule/jusqu'au premier rang;

∎ he was pressed (up) against the railings il s'est trouvé coincé contre le grillage;

∎ I pressed myself against the wall je me suis collé contre le mur;

∎ she pressed a note into my hand elle m'a glissé un billet dans la main;

∎ he pressed his nose (up) against the window il a collé son nez à la vitre;

∎ he pressed his hat down on his head il rabattit ou enfonça son chapeau sur sa tête;

∎ she pressed the papers down into the bin elle a enfoncé les papiers dans la poubelle

(b) (squeeze → hand, arm) presser, serrer; (→ grapes, lemon, olives) presser;

∎ she pressed her son to her elle serra son fils contre elle

(c) (urge) presser, pousser; (harass) harceler, talonner;

∎ to press sb for payment/an answer presser qn de payer/répondre;

∎ she pressed me to tell her the truth elle me pressa de lui dire la vérité;

∎ if you press her she'll tell you si tu insistes, elle te le dira;

∎ if pressed, he would admit… quand on insistait ou le poussait, il admettait…;

∎ his creditors were pressing him hard ses créanciers le harcelaient ou ne lui laissaient pas le moindre répit;

∎ to be pressed for time/money être à court de temps/d'argent

(d) (force) forcer, obliger;

∎ I was pressed into signing the contract j'ai été obligé de signer le contrat;

∎ don't let yourself be pressed into going ne laissez personne vous forcer à y aller

(e) (impose, push forward → claim) appuyer, pousser; (→ opinions) insister sur;

∎ can I press a cup of tea on you? puis-je vous offrir une tasse de thé?;

∎ to press a gift on sb forcer qn à accepter un cadeau;

∎ to press (home) one's advantage profiter d'un avantage;

∎ to press one's attentions on sb poursuivre qn de ses assiduités;

∎ I don't want to press the point je ne veux pas insister;

∎ Law to press charges against sb engager des poursuites contre qn

(f) (iron → shirt, tablecloth) repasser

(g) (manufacture in mould → component) mouler; (→ record) presser

(h) (preserve by pressing → flower) presser, faire sécher (dans un livre ou un pressoir)

(i) (in weightlifting) soulever

(j) Military (enlist by force) recruter ou enrôler de force;

∎ figurative to press into service réquisitionner;

∎ the local mechanic was pressed into service le mécanicien du coin fut réquisitionné pour la circonstance

4 intransitive verb

(a) (push) appuyer;

∎ press here appuyez ou pressez ici;

∎ he pressed (down) on the accelerator il appuya sur l'accélérateur;

∎ the crowd pressed against the barriers/round the President la foule se pressait contre les barrières/autour du président;

∎ they pressed forward to get a better view ils poussaient pour essayer de mieux voir;

∎ to press through a crowd se frayer un chemin à travers une foule;

∎ to press close against sb se serrer contre qn

(b) (weight, burden) faire pression (on sur); (troubles) peser (on à);

∎ the rucksack pressed on his shoulders le sac à dos pesait sur ses épaules;

∎ her problems pressed on her mind ses problèmes lui pesaient;

∎ time presses! le temps presse!

(c) (insist)

∎ he pressed hard to get the grant il a fait des pieds et des mains pour obtenir la bourse;

∎ to press for an answer insister pour avoir une réponse immédiate;

∎ to press for an adjournment/the law to be tightened up exiger un ajournement/que la loi soit renforcée

(d) (iron) se repasser;

∎ some shirts press easily il y a des chemises qui se repassent facilement

►► press agency agence f de presse;

press agent attaché(e) m,f de presse;

British the Press Association = la principale agence de presse britannique;

press attaché attaché(e) m,f de presse;

press badge macaron m de presse;

press baron magnat m de la presse;

press box tribune f de (la) presse;

press button bouton-poussoir m;

press campaign campagne f de presse;

press card carte f de presse ou de journaliste;

press clipping coupure f de presse or de journal;

British the Press Complaints Commission = organisme britannique de contrôle de la presse;

press conference conférence f de presse;

press copy (of book) exemplaire m de service de presse;

press corps journalistes mpl;

∎ the White House press corps = les journalistes accrédités à la Maison-Blanche;

British the Press Council = organisme indépendant veillant au respect de la déontologie dans la presse britannique;

press coverage couverture-presse f;

∎ the resignation got a lot of press coverage la démission a été largement couverte dans la presse;

British press cutting coupure f de presse ou de journal;

∎ a collection of press cuttings une collection de coupures de journaux, un dossier de presse;

press gallery tribune f de (la) presse;

press handout communiqué m de presse;

press insert encart m presse;

press kit dossier m de presse (distribué aux journalistes);

press lord magnat m de la presse;

press office service m de presse;

press officer responsable mf des relations avec la presse;

press pack dossier m de presse;

press pass carte f de presse;

Typography press proof tierce f;

press relations relations fpl presse;

press release communiqué m de presse;

press report reportage m;

∎ press reports of the incident were inaccurate les articles de presse relatant l'incident étaient inexacts;

press run tirage m;

Politics press secretary ≃ porte-parole m inv du gouvernement;

British press stud bouton-pression m, pression f

➲ press ahead = press on

➲ press down

1 separable transitive verb

appuyer sur; (with force) enfoncer

2 intransitive verb

∎ to press down on sb peser sur qn

➲ press for inseparable transitive verb

(demand) exiger, réclamer;

∎ they pressed for a pay rise ils ont réclamé ou exigé une augmentation de salaire;

∎ the residents are pressing for a pedestrian zone les résidents font pression pour obtenir une zone piétonnière;

∎ the opposition are pressing for an enquiry l'opposition exige une enquête ou insiste pour que l'on fasse une enquête

➲ press in separable transitive verb

enfoncer

➲ press on intransitive verb

(continue → on journey) poursuivre ou continuer son chemin; (→ with activity) continuer; (persevere → in enterprise, job) poursuivre, persévérer;

∎ the travellers pressed on in the darkness les voyageurs poursuivirent leur chemin dans la nuit;

∎ we must press on to York or as far as York il faut poursuivre jusqu'à York;

∎ we pressed on regardless nous avons continué malgré tout

➲ press on with inseparable transitive verb

(job, negotiations) continuer, poursuivre;

∎ they pressed on with the plan in spite of opposition ils ont poursuivi leur projet malgré l'opposition rencontrée

➲ press out separable transitive verb

(a) (juice etc) exprimer

(b) Technology (holes) percer; (shapes, parts) découper

sea [si:]

noun

(a) (gen) mer f;

∎ by land and sea par terre et par mer;

∎ to travel by sea voyager par mer ou par bateau;

∎ the goods were sent by sea les marchandises ont été expédiées par bateau;

∎ he's spent all his life on the sea il a passé toute sa vie en mer;

∎ at sea (boat, storm) en mer; (as sailor) de ou comme marin;

∎ we spent six months at sea on a passé six mois en mer;

∎ life at sea la vie en mer ou de marin;

∎ to swim in the sea nager ou se baigner dans la mer;

∎ to put (out) to sea prendre la mer;

∎ to go to sea (boat) prendre la mer; (sailor) se faire marin;

∎ to run away to sea partir se faire marin;

∎ to look out to sea regarder vers le large;

∎ the little boat was swept or washed out to sea le petit bateau a été emporté vers le large;

∎ across or over the sea or seas outre-mer;

∎ a heavy sea, heavy seas une grosse mer;

∎ the Sea of Tranquillity la mer de la Tranquillité;

∎ sea and air search recherches fpl maritimes et aériennes;

∎ British familiar to be at sea (be lost) nager (complètement); (be mixed-up) être déboussolé ou désorienté^□ ;

∎ when it comes to computers, I'm all at sea je ne connais strictement rien aux ordinateurs^□ ;

∎ he's been all at sea since his wife left him il est complètement déboussolé ou il a complètement perdu le nord depuis que sa femme l'a quitté;

∎ the resignation of our secretary has left the reference department all at sea la démission de notre secrétaire a totalement perturbé notre service des archives^□ ;

∎ familiar to find or to get one's sea legs s'amariner^□, s'habituer à la mer^□

(b) (seaside) bord m de la mer;

∎ they live by or beside the sea ils habitent au bord de la mer;

∎ the town is by the sea la ville est au bord de la mer

(c) (large quantity → of blood, mud) mer f; (→ of problems, faces) multitude f

►► sea air air m marin ou de la mer;

sea anchor ancre f flottante;

Zoology sea anemone anémone f de mer;

Botany sea aster aster m maritime;

Ichthyology sea bass bar m, loup m;

sea bathing bains mpl de mer;

sea battle bataille f navale;

Botany sea bindweed liseron m du mer;

Ichthyology sea bream daurade f, dorade f;

sea breeze (wind) brise f marine; (cocktail) sea breeze m;

Zoology sea calf veau m marin, phoque m;

Botany sea campion silène m maritime;

sea captain capitaine m de la marine marchande;

sea change changement m radical, profond changement m;

Nautical sea chest coffre m de marin ou de bord;

Zoology sea cow vache f marine, sirénien m;

sea crossing traversée f;

Ichthyology sea cucumber concombre m de mer, holothurie f;

(a) Ichthyology roussette f, chien m de mer; Zoology (seal) phoque m

(b) literary or humorous (sailor) (vieux) loup m de mer

(c) (in fog) arc-en-ciel m (aperçu dans le brouillard);

Ornithology sea eagle aigle m des mers;

Zoology sea elephant éléphant m de mer;

sea fight combat m naval;

sea fish poisson m de mer;

sea fishery pêche f maritime;

sea fishing pêche f maritime;

sea floor fond m de la mer;

sea fog brouillard m (en mer);

sea freight fret m maritime;

sea freight services messageries fpl maritimes;

sea god dieu m marin ou de la mer;

sea green vert m glauque;

Zoology sea hare lièvre m marin, specialist term aplysie f;

Botany sea holly panicaut m maritime;

Botany sea island cotton coton m longues soies;

Botany sea kale chou m marin, crambe m;

sea kayak kayak m de mer;

sea kayaking kayak m de mer;

∎ to go sea kayaking faire du kayak de mer;

sea lane couloir m de navigation;

Botany sea lavender lavande f de mer;

sea level niveau m de la mer;

∎ above/below sea level au-dessus/au-dessous du niveau de la mer;

Zoology sea lily crinoïde m, lis m de mer;

Zoology sea lion otarie f;

Scottish sea loch bras m de mer;

British Military Sea Lord lord m de l'Amirauté;

Zoology sea louse pou m de saumon;

sea mile mille m marin;

sea mist brume f de mer;

Zoology sea otter loutre f de mer;

Zoology sea pen plume f de mer;

Botany sea rocket roquette f maritime;

sea salt sel m marin ou de mer;

Ichthyology sea scorpion chabot m, scorpion m de mer;

sea scout scout m marin;

Zoology sea serpent serpent m de mer;

sea shanty chanson f de marins;

Zoology sea slater ligie f;

Zoology sea slug nudibranche m;

Zoology sea snail lipars m, French Canadian limace f;

Zoology sea snake serpent m de mer;

Zoology sea spider araignée f de mer;

Zoology sea squirt ascidie f, outre f de mer;

sea traffic navigation f ou trafic m maritime;

Ichthyology sea trout truite f de mer;

Zoology sea urchin oursin m;

sea view vue f sur la mer;

sea wall digue f;

Australian sea wasp cuboméduse f

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Employed as Secretary of the Bank of Scotland, Ponton was an amateur photographer and described details of experiments on the effect of light on potassium bichromate in May 1839, only months after the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes. In a paper communicated to the Society of Arts for Scotland (of which he was Vice-President), Ponton suggested that paper soaked in a solution of potassium bichromate could be used as a cheap substitute for paper coated with silver salts. Although Ponton's descriptions were received with interest, potassium bichromate was not widely employed at the time; his work was to be exploited later, however, in the development of permanent photographic and photomechanical printing processes.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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A son of the manse, Russell was originally destined for the Church and commenced studies at the University of St Andrews, but shortly afterwards he transferred to Glasgow, graduating MA in 1825 when only 17 years old. He began work as a teacher in Edinburgh, working up from a school to the Mechanics Institute and then in 1832 to the University, where he took over the classes in natural philosophy following the death of the professor. During this period he designed and advised on the application of steam power to road transport and to the Forth and Clyde Canal, thereby awakening his interest in ships and naval architecture.

Russell presented papers to the British Association over several years, and one of them, The Wave Line Theory of Ship Form (although now superseded), had great influence on ship designers of the time and helped to establish the formal study of hydromechanics. With a name that was becoming well known, Russell looked around for better opportunities, and on narrowly missing appointment to the Chair of Mathematics at Edinburgh University he joined the upand-coming Clyde shipyard of Caird \& Co., Greenock, as Manager in 1838.

Around 1844 Russell and his family moved to London; following some business problems he was in straitened circumstances. However, appointment as Secretary to the Committee setting up the Great Exhibition of 1851 eased his path into London's intellectual society and allowed him to take on tasks such as, in 1847, the purchase of Fairbairn's shipyard on the Isle of Dogs and the subsequent building there of I.K. Brunel's Great Eastern steamship. This unhappy undertaking was a millstone around the necks of Brunel and Russell and broke the health of the former. With the yard failing to secure the order for HMS Warrior, the Royal Navy's first ironclad, Russell pulled out of shipbuilding and for the remainder of his life was a designer, consultant and at times controversial, but at all times polished and urbane, member of many important committees and societies. He is remembered as one of the founders of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1860. His last task was to design a Swiss Lake steamer for Messrs Escher Wyss, a company that coincidentally had previously retained Sir William Fairbairn.

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SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Ports and shipping

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Wilson, the son of a sailor, spent his early years on the Forth. Later his father moved home to the west and Wilson served his apprenticeship as a shipwright on the Clyde at the small shipyards of Bowling, fifteen miles (24 km) west of Glasgow and on the river's north bank. In his late thirties Wilson was to take the leading role in what is arguably the most important development in Scotland's distinguished shipbuilding history: the building of the world's first properly constructed iron ship. This ship, the Vulcan, was the culmination of several years' effort by a group of people well connected within the academic establishment of Scotland. The Forth and Clyde Canal Company had passed instructions for investigations to be made into reducing running expenses and a distinguished committee looked into this matter. They included John Robison (Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh), Professor Joseph Black of Glasgow University, James Watt and John Schanck. After a period of consideration it was decided to build a new, fastpassage barge of iron, and tenders were invited from several appropriate contractors. Wilson, with the assistance of two blacksmiths, John and Thomas Smellie, was awarded the work, and the Vulcan was constructed and ultimately launched at Faskine near Glasgow in 1819. The work involved was far beyond the comprehension of engineers of the twentieth century, as Wilson had to arrange puddled-iron plates for the shell and hand-crafted angle irons for the frames. His genius is now apparent as every steel ship worldwide uses a form of construction literally "hammered out on the anvil" between 1818 and 1819. The Vulcan was almost 64 ft (19.5 m) in length and 11 ft (3.4 m) broad. In 1822 Wilson was appointed an inspector of works for the Canal Company, and ultimately he superintended the building of the docks at Grangemouth, where he died in 1873, the same year that the Vulcan was broken up.

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